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September 22, 2008 05:13 PM PDT
Deals with the laws of when to say Shema. (11 minutes)
פרק א משנה א
מֵאֵימָתַי קוֹרִין אֶת שְׁמַע בְּעַרְבִית
מִשָּׁעָה שֶׁהַכֹּהֲנִים נִכְנָסִים לֶאֱכֹל בִּתְרוּמָתָן
עַד סוֹף הָאַשְׁמוּרָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה – דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר
וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: עַד חֲצוֹת
רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר
מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבָּאוּ בָנָיו מִבֵּית הַמִּשְׁתֶּה
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: לֹא קָרִינוּ אֶת שְׁמַע
אָמַר לָהֶם: אִם לֹא עָלָה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר – חַיָּבִין אַתֶּם לִקְרוֹת
וְלֹא זוֹ בִלְבַד: אֶלָּא כָּל מַה שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים "עַד חֲצוֹת" – מִצְוָתָן עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר
הֶקְטֵר חֲלָבִים וְאֵבָרִים – מִצְוָתָן עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר
וְכָל הַנֶּאֱכָלִין לְיוֹם אֶחָד – מִצְוָתָן עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר
אִם כֵּן, לָמָּה אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים "עַד חֲצוֹת"
כְּדֵי לְהַרְחִיק אָדָם מִן הָעֲבֵרָה
English Translation
From when may one recite the Shema in the evening?
From the time when the Kohanim go in to eat their terumah.
Until the end of the first watch – so says Rabbi Eliezer.
And the Sages say: Until midnight.
Rabban Gamliel says: Until the column of dawn rises.
It once happened that [Rabban Gamliel’s] sons came from a house of feasting.
They said to [their father]: "We have not recited the Shema."
He said to them: "If the column of dawn has not risen, you are obligated to recite it."
“[This is true] not only in this case; rather, in all cases where the Sages said that [some precept can be performed only] until midnight — the precept is [still in force] until the break of dawn.
“[For example:] Burning the fats and organs [of the sacrifices, on the Temple altar] — this precept [can be performed] until the break of dawn.
“[Another example:] All [sacrifices] which may be eaten for one day — the precept [of eating them can be performed] until the break of dawn.
If that is so, why did the Sages say, "until midnight"?
To distance a person from sin.
(For additional written commentary, go to http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mishnah/Seder_Zeraim/Tractate_Berakhot/Chapter_1/1)
פרק א משנה ב
מֵאֵימָתַי קוֹרִין אֶת שְׁמַע בְּשַׁחֲרִית
מִשֶּׁיַּכִּיר בֵּין תְּכֵלֶת לְלָבָן
רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: בֵּין תְּכֵלֶת לְכַרְתִי
וְגוֹמְרָהּ עַד הָנֵץ הַחַמָּה
רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר: עַד שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁעוֹת
שֶׁכֵּן דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי מְלָכִים לַעֲמֹד בְּשָׁלֹשׁ שָׁעוֹת
הַקּוֹרֵא מִכַּאן וָאֵילָךְ – לֹא הִפְסִיד
כְּאָדָם הַקּוֹרֵא בַתּוֹרָה
English Translation
From when may one recite the Shema in the morning?
From when one can distinguish between tchelet and white.
Rabbi Eliezer says: [The earliest time for the Shema is when one can distinguish] between tchelet and the color of leek,
and one must finish reciting it by sunrise.
Rabbi Yehoshua says: [One may recite the Shema] until three hours [of the day],
since it is customary for kings’ sons to arise at the third hour.
If one reads [the Shema] later than this, he has not lost out,
[but rather is] like one who reads the Torah.
(For additional written commentary, go to http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mishnah/Seder_Zeraim/Tractate_Berakhot/Chapter_1/1)
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